Orchid & Fungi

Øien, D.-I., J.P. O’Neill, D.F. Whigham, M.K. McCormick. 2008. Germination ecology of the boreal-alpine terrestrial orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica (Orcidaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici 45: 161-172.

Taylor, D.L., M.K. McCormick. 2008. A suite of PCR methods for improved identification of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 177: 1020-1033.

Whigham, D.F., M.K. McCormick, J.P. O’Neill. 2008. Specialized Strategies II – Epiphytes, orchids, insectivores, and parasites. In: M.A. Leck, T.V. Parker and R.I. Simpson (eds). Pp.79-100. Seedling Ecology and Evolution. Academic Press.

Shefferson, R.P., D.L. Taylor, M. Weiß, S. Garnica, M.K. McCormick, S. Adams, H.M. Gray, J.W. McFarland, T. Kull, K. Tali, T. Yukawa, T. Kawahara, K. Miyoshi, and Y. Lee. 2007. The evolutionary history of mycorrhizal specificity among lady's slipper orchids. Evolution 61:1380-1390.

McCormick, M.K., D.F. Whigham, D. Sloan, K. O'Malley, and B. Hodkinson. 2006. Orchid-fungus fidelity: a marriage meant to last? Ecology 87:903-911.

Whigham, D.F., J.P. O'Neill, H.N. Rasmussen, B.A. Caldwell, and M.K. McCormick. 2005. Seed longevity in terrestrial orchids- potential for persistent in situ seed banks. Biological Conservation 129:24-30.

McCormick, M.K., D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. 2004. Mycorrhizal diversity in photosynthetic terrestrial orchids. New Phytologist 163: 425-438.

Whigham, D.F. and J.H. Willems. 2003. Demographic studies and life-history strategies of temperate terrestrial orchids as a basis for conservation. Pp. 137-158. In: K.W. Dixon, S.P. Kell, R.L. Barrett and P.J. Cribb, (eds). Orchid Conservation. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabaluk Sabah.

Kindlmann, P., J.H. Willems, and D.F. Whigham (eds). 2002. Underlying Mechanisms of Trends and Fluctuations in Terrestrial Orchid Populations. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Rasmussen, H.N. and D.F. Whigham. 2002. Phenology of roots and mycorrhiza in five orchid species differing in phototrophic strategy. New Phytologist 154: 797-807.

Whigham, D.F., J. O'Neill, M. McCormick, C. Smith, H.N. Rasmussen, B. Caldwell, and T. Daniell. 2002. Interactions between decomposing wood, mycorrhizas, and terrestrial orchid seeds and protocorms. Pp.117-132. In: P. Kindlmann, J.H. Willems, and D.F. Whigham (eds). Underlying Mechanisms of Trends and Fluctuations in Terrestrial Orchid Populations. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Rasmussen, H.N. and D.F. Whigham. 1998. The underground phase: A special challenge in studies of terrestrial orchid populations. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 49-64.

Rasmussen, H.N. and D.F. Whigham. 1998. Importance of woody debris in seed germination of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 85: 829-834.

Rasmussen, H.N. and D.F. Whigham. 1993. Seed ecology of dust seeds in situ: A new study technique and its application in terrestrial ecology. American Journal of Botany 80: 1374-1378.

Zimmerman, J.K. and D.F. Whigham. 1992. Ecological functions of carbohydrates stored in corms of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Functional Ecology 6: 575-581.

Whigham, D.F. and J. O'Neill. 1991. The dynamics of flowering and fruit production in two eastern North American terrestrial orchids, Tipularia discolor and Liparis lilifolia. Pp. 89-101. In: T.C.E. Wells and J.H. Willems (eds). Population Ecology of Terrestrial Orchids. SPB Academic Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D.F. 1990. The effects of experimental defoliation on the growth and reproduction of a woodland orchid - Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 1812-1816.

Snow, A.A. and D.F. Whigham. 1989. Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Ecology 70: 1286-1293.

Whigham, D.F. 1984. Biomass and nutrient allocation patterns in Tipularia discolor. OIKOS 42: 303-313.

Whigham, D.F. and M. McWethy. 1980. Studies of the pollination ecology of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 67: 550-555.

Terrestrial Ecosystems- forest ecology

Filley, T.R., M.K. McCormick, S.E. Crow, K. Szlavecz, D.F. Whigham, D.L. Taylor, C.T. Johnston, R. van den Heuvel. 2008. Comparison of the chemical alteration trajectory of Liriodendron tulipifera litter among forests with different invasive earthworm activity. Journal of Geophysical Research- Biogeosciences 113: G01027.

Hosaka, N., N. Kachi, H. Kudoh, J.F. Stuefer, D.F. Whigham. 2008. Patch structure and ramet demography of the clonal tree, Asimina triloba, under gap and closed-canopy. Plant Ecology 197: 219-228.

Dickinson, M.B. and D.F. Whigham. In press. Effects of root competition on species of contrasting shade tolerance across a light gradient in a seasonally-dry forest in Mexico. Biotropica.

Kitamura, K., H. Takasu, S. Hagiwara, K. Homma, J. O'Neill, D.F. Whigham, G.G. Parker and S. Kawano. In press. Demographic genetics of the American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). IV. Development of genetic variability and gene flow during succession in a Coastal Plain forest in Maryland. Plant Species Biology.

Hosaka, N., S.E. Gomez, N. Kachi, J.F. Stuefer, D.F. Whigham. 2005. The ecological benefits of clonal growth in the understory tree Asimina triloba. Northeastern Naturalist 12:11-22.

Kitamura, K., M. Tatsuyoshi, H. Kudoh, J. O'Neill, F.H. Utech, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 2003. Demographic genetics of the American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). III. Genetic substructuring of Coastal Plain populations in Maryland. Plant Species Biology 18: 13-34.

Whigham, D.F., I. Olmsted, E. Cabrera Cano and A.B. Curtis. 2003. Impacts of hurricanes on the forests of Quintana Roo, Yucatán Península, México. Pp.193-213. In: A. Gomez-Pompa, M.E. Allen, S.L. Fedick and J.J. Jimenez-Osornio (eds) Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. Food Products Press, Binghamton, NY.

Dickinson, M.B., S.M. Hermann and D.F. Whigham. 2001. Low rates of background canopy-gap disturbance in a seasonally-dry forest in the Yucatan Peninsula with a history of fires and hurricanes. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 895-902.

Kitamura, K., K. Homma, H. Takasu, S. Hagiwara, F.H. Utech, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 2001. Demographic genetics of the American beech, Fagus grandifolia. II. Genet substructure of populations for the Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and the Great Smoky Mountains. Plant Species Biology 16: 219-230.

Dickinson, M.B., D.F. Whigham, and S.M. Hermann. 2000. Tree regeneration in felling and natural treefall disturbances in a semideciduous tropical forest in Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 134: 137-151.

Dickinson, M.B. and D.F. Whigham. 1999. Low rates of natural regeneration of Mahogany in felling gaps after selective logging in Quintana Roo, Mexico. International Forestry Review 1: 35-39.

Whigham, D.F., M.B. Dickinson, and N.V.T. Brokaw. 1999. Tropical forest treefalls and windstorms. Pp. 223-252. In: L. Walker (ed). Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Kitamura, K., J. O'Neill, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 1998. Demographic genetic analyses of the American Beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Genetic variations of seed populations in Maryland. Plant Species Biology 13: 147-154.

Whigham, D.F. and J.F. Lynch. 1998. Responses of plants and birds to hurricane disturbance in a dry tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Pp. 165-186. In: F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comiskey (eds). Forest Biodiversity in North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Research and Monitoring. Man and The Biosphere Series, Vol. 21, The Parthenon Publishing Group, New York.

Whigham, D.F., J.F. Lynch, and M.B. Dickinson. 1998. Dynamics and ecology of natural and managed forests in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Pp. 267-282. In: R.B. Primack, D. Bray, H.A. Gillette, and I. Poinciana (eds). Timber, Tourists and Temples : Conservation and Development in the Maya Forest of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. Island Press.

Harmon, M.E., D.F. Whigham, J. Sexton, and I. Olmsted. 1995. Decomposition and stores of woody detritus in the dry tropical forests of the Northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Biotropica 27: 305-316.

Lynch, J.F. and D.F. Whigham. 1995. The role of habitat disturbance in the ecology of overwintering migratory birds in the Yucatan Peninsula. Pp. 199-214. In: S. Sader, M. Wilson, and A. Estrada, (eds). Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico. Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 727. Orono, ME.

Cipollini, M.L. and D. F. Whigham. 1994. Sexual dimorphism and cost of reproduction in the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae). American Journal of Botany 81: 65-75.

Cipollini, M.L., D. Wallace-Senft, and D.F. Whigham. 1994. Forest canopy structure and seed dispersal in the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae): a model of population and forest dynamics. Journal of Ecology 82: 621-633.

Cipollini, M.L., B.G. Drake, and D.F. Whigham. 1993. Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and carbon/nutrient balance in the deciduous woody shrub Lindera benzoin (L.)Blume (Lauraceae). Oecologia 96: 339-346.

Whigham, D.F. and E. Cabrera Cano. 1991. Survival and growth beneath and near parents: The case of Myrcianthes fragrans (Myrtaceae). Pp. 61-76. In: G. Esser and D. Overdieck (eds). Modern Ecology: Basic and Applied Aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .

Whigham, D.F., I. Olmsted, E. Cabrera Cano, and M. Harmon. 1991. The impact of Hurricane Gilbert on trees, litterfall, and woody debris in a dry tropical forest in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Biotropica 23: 434-441.

Whigham, D.F., P. Zugasty Towle, E.F. Cabrera, J. O'Neill, and E. Ley. 1990. The effect of variation in precipitation on basal area growth and litter production in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Tropical Ecology 31: 23-34.

Lynch, J. and D.F. Whigham. 1984. Effects of forest fragmentation on breeding bird communities in Maryland. Biological Conservation 28: 287-324.

Terrestrial Ecosystems- vine ecology

Dillenburg, L.R., A.H. Teramura, I.N. Forseth, and D.F. Whigham. 1995. Physiological and morphological basis of growth responses of Liquidambar styraciflua to competition with the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. American Journal of Botany 82: 454-461.

Dillenburg, L.R., D.F. Whigham, A.H. Teramura, and I.N. Forseth. 1993. Effects of below- and aboveground competition from the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia on the growth of the tree host Liquidambar styraciflua. Oecologia 93: 48-54.

Dillenburg, L.R., D.F. Whigham, A.H. Teramura, and I.N. Forseth. 1993. Changes in resource availability to the tree host Liquidambar styraciflua due to below- and aboveground competition with the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. American Journal of Botany 80: 244-252.

Whigham, D.F. 1984. The influence of vines on the growth of Liquidambar styraciflua. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14: 37-39.

Whigham, D.F. 1984. The effect of competition and nutrient availability on the growth and reproduction of Ipomoea hederacea (Ivy-leaf morning glory) in an abandoned old-field. Journal of Ecology 72: 721-730.

Terrestrial Ecosystems- woodland herbs

Huber, H., D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. 2004. Time of disturbance can change life history decisions in the clonal forest understory herb Uvularia perfoliata. Evolutionary Ecology 18:521-539.

Whigham, D.F. 2004. The ecology of woodland herbs. Annual Review Ecology and Systematics 35:583-621.

Feller, I.C., H. Kudoh, C.E. Tanner, D.F. Whigham. 2002. Sex-biased herbivory in Jack-in-the-Pulpit ( Arisaema triphyllum ) by a specialist Thrips ( Heterothrips arisaemae ). Pp. 163-172. Proceedings 7th International Thysanoptera Conference. Reggio Callabrio, Italy .

Wijesinghe, D.K. and D.F. Whigham. 2001. Nutrient foraging in woodland herbs: a comparison of three species of Uvularia (Liliaceae ) with contrasting below-ground morphologies. American Journal of Botany 88: 1071-1079.

Kudoh, H., H. Shibaike, H. Takasu, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 1999. Genet structure and maintenance of clonal diversity in a temperate deciduous forest herb, Uvularia perfoliata. Journal of Ecology 84: 244-257.

Whigham, D.F. and A.S. Chapa. 1999. Timing and intensity of herbivory: Its influence on the performance of clonal woodland herbs. Plant Species Biology 14: 29-38.

Wijesinghe, D.K. and D.F. Whigham. 1997. Costs of producing clonal offspring and the effects of plant size on population dynamics in the woodland herb Uvularia perfoliata. Journal of Ecology 85: 907-920.

Cipollini, M.L., D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. 1993. Population growth, structure, and seed dispersal in the understory herb Cynoglossum virginianum: a population and patch dynamics model. Plant Species Biology 8: 117-129.

Whigham, D.F., J. O'Neill, and M. Cipollini. 1993. The role of tree gaps in maintaining the population structure of a woodland herb: Cynoglossum virginianum L. Plant Species Biology 8: 107-115

Takasu, H., S. Kawano, H. Kato, T. Sato, F.H. Utech, and D.F. Whigham. 1992. Life history characteristics of Uvularia species. Pp. 224-238. In: S. Kawano (ed). Comparative Floristic and Ecological Studies on the Temperate Elements in North America . Report of the 1989-1991 North America Project. Monbusho International Scientific Research Program. Kyoto, Japan .

de Kroon, H., D.F. Whigham, and M.A. Watson. 1991. Effects of rhizome severing, fertilization and timing of shoot senescence on clonal growth of mayapple. Functional Ecology 5: 360-369.

Whigham, D.F. and J. O'Neill. 1988. The importance of predation and small scale disturbance to two woodland herb species. Pp. 243-252. In: M.J.A. Werger, P.J.M. van der Aart, H.J. During and J.T.A. Verhoeven. Plant Form and Vegetation Structure: Adaptation, Plasticity and Relation to Herbivory. SPB Academic Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands.

Wetland Ecology- mangroves

Feller, I.C., D.F. Whigham, K.L. McKee and C.E. Lovelock. 2003. Nitrogen limitation of growth and nutrient dynamics in a disturbed mangrove forest, Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Oecologia 134: 405-414.

Feller, I.C., K.L. McKee, D.F. Whigham, and J.P. O'Neill. 2002. Nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation across an ecotonal gradient in a mangrove forest. Biogeochemistry 62: 145-175.

Feller, I.C., D.F. Whigham, J. O'Neill, and K.L. McKee. 1999. Within-stand nutrient cycling in tropical forested wetlands. Ecology 80: 2193-2205.

Whigham, D.F., R.R. Twilley, and I.C. Feller. 1999. Within-stand nutrient cycling in wetland ecosystems. Ecology 80: 2137-2138.

Wetland Ecology- assessment

Day Jr., J.W., D.F. Boesch, E.J. Clairain, G.P. Kemp, S. Laska, W.J. Mitsch, K. Orth, H. Mashriqui, D.R. Reed, L. Shabman, C.A. Simenstad, B.J. Streever, R.R. Twilley, C.C. Watson, J.T. Wells, D.F. Whigham. 2007. The Mississippi delta is a model for management of coastal ecosystems facing climate change; effective storm protection is not feasible without restoration of the delta. Science 315:1679-1684.

Jacobs, A.D., D.F. Whigham, D. Fillis, and E. Rehm. 2007. Delaware Comprehensive Assessment Procedure version 2.0. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Dover, DE 40-08-05-07-04-02. 68 pp.

Verhoeven, J.T.A.,B. Beltman, R. Bobbink, and D.F. Whigham (eds). 2006. Wetlands and Natural Resource Management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Orth, K., J.W. Day, D.F. Boesch, E.J. Clairain, W.J. Mitsch, L. Shabman, C. Simenstad, B. Streeever, C. Watson, J. Wells, and D.F. Whigham. 2005. Lessons learned: an assessmentof the effectiveness of a National Technical Review Committee for oversight of the plan for the restoration of the Mississippi Delta. Ecological Engineering 25:153-167.

Rheinhardt, R., D.F. Whigham, H. Khan, and M. Brinson. 2000. Floodplain vegetation of headwater streams in the Inner Coastal Plain of Virginia and Maryland. Castanea 65: 21-35.

Whigham, D.F., L.C. Lee, M. M. Brinson, R.D. Rheinhardt, M.C. Rains, J.M. Mason, H. Khan, M.B. Ruhlman, and W.B. Nutter. 1999. Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment - A test of user consistency. Wetlands 19: 560-569.

Brinson, M.M., R.D. Smith, D.F. Whigham, L.C. Lee, R.D. Rheinhardt, and W.L. Nutter. 1998. Progress in development of the hydrogeomorphic approach for assessing the functioning of wetlands. Pp. 383-406. In A.J. McComb and J.A. Davis (eds). Wetlands for the Future. Gleneagles Publishing, Adelaide, Australia.

Whigham, D.F. 1997. Ecosystem functions and ecosystem values. Pp. 225-240. In: N.L. Christensen Jr. and R.D. Simpson (eds). Ecosystem Function and Human Activities: Reconciling Economics and Ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.

Brinson, M.M., F.R. Hauer, L.C. Lee, W.L. Nutter, R.D. Rheinhardt, R.D. Smith, D.F. Whigham. 1995. A Guidebook for Application of Hydrogeomorphic Assessments to Riverine Wetlands. Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-DE-11. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Brinson, M.M., W. Kruczynski, L.C. Lee, W.L. Nutter, R.D. Smith, and D.F. Whigham. 1994. Developing an approach for assessing the functions of wetlands. Pp. 615-624. In: W.J. Mitsch (ed). Wetlands of the World: Biogeochemistry, Ecological Engineering, Modelling and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D.F. and M.M. Brinson. 1990. Wetland value impacts. Pp. 401-421. In: B.C. Patten (ed). Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies, Volume 1. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Wetland Ecology - wetland plants

Ikegami, M., D.F. Whigham, and M.J.A. Werger. 2007. Response of rhizome length and ramet production to resource availability in the clonal sedge Scirpus olneyi A. Gray. Plant Ecology 189:247-259.

King, R.S., W.V. DeLuca, D.F. Whigham, and P.P. Marra. 2007. Threshold effects of coastal urbanization on Phragmites australis (Common Reed) abundance and foliar nitrogen in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries and Coasts 30:1-13.

Ikegami, M., D.F. Whigham, and M.J.A. Werger. 2006. Scirpus olneyi (Cyperaceae) shows phenotypical differentiation in a salt marsh on the east coast of the U.S.A. Polish Botanical Studies 22:241-249.

Kudoh, H., R. Shimamura, K. Takayama, and D.F. Whigham. 2006. Consequences of hydrochory in Hibiscus. Plant Species Biology 21: 127-133.

Shimamura, R., N. Kachi, H. Kudoh and D.F. Whigham. 2005. Visitation of a specialist pollen feeder Althaeus hibisci Oliver (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to flowers of Hibiscus moscheutos L. (Malvaceae). Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132:197-203.

Kudoh, H. and D.F. Whigham. 2001. A genetic analysis of hydrologically dispersed seeds of Hibiscus moscheutos (L.). American Journal of Botany 88: 588-593.

Kudoh, H. and D.F. Whigham. 1998. The effect of petal-size manipulation on pollinator/seed predator mediated female reproductive success of Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) populations. Oecologia 117: 70-79.

Kudoh, H. and D.F. Whigham. 1997. Microgeographic genetic structure and gene flow in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) populations. American Journal of Botany 84: 1285-1293.

Spira, T.P., A. Snow, D.F. Whigham, and J. Leak. 1992. Flower visitation, pollen deposition, and pollen competition in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae). American Journal of Botany 79: 428-433.

Snow, A.A. and T.P. Spira. 1991. Pollen vigour and the potential for sexual selection in plants. Nature 352: 796-797.

Snow, A.A. and T.P. Spira. 1991. Differential pollen-tube growth rates and nonrandom fertilization in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae). American Journal of Botany 78: 1219-1426.

Jordan, T.E., D.F. Whigham, and D.L. Correll. 1990. Effects of nutrient and litter manipulations on production, nutrient status, and herbivory of Typha angustifolia in a brackish marsh. Aquatic Botany 36: 179-191.

Spira T.P. 1989. Reproductive biology of Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae). Pp. 247-255. J.H. Bock and Y.B. Linhart (eds). The Evolutionary Ecology of Plants. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Whigham, D.F., T.E. Jordan, and J. Miklas. 1989. Biomass and resource allocation of Typha angustifolia: The effects of within and between year variations in salinity. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 116: 364-370.

Jordan, T.E. and D.F. Whigham. 1988. The importance of standing dead shoots of the narrow leaved cattail - Typha angustifolia. Aquatic Botany 29: 310-319.

Wetland Ecology- global comparative studies

Whigham, D.F. In press. Global distribution, diversity, and human alterations of wetland resources. In: E. Maltby (ed). Wetlands Handbook. Blackwell Science.

Whigham, D.F., D.E. Weller, A. Deller Jacobs, T.E. Jordan, and M.E. Kentula. 2003. Assessing the ecological condition of wetlands at the catchment scale. Landschap 2: 99-112.

Verhoeven, J.T.A., R. van Logtestijn, D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. 2001. Some basic characteristics of the nutrient dynamics of riverine wetlands. Wetlands 21: 210-222.

Verhoeven, J.T.A., D.F. Whigham, M. van Kerkhoven, and J. O'Neill. 1994. A comparative study of nutrient-related processes in geographically separated wetlands: Towards a science base for functional assessment procedures. Pp. 91-106. In: W.J. Mitsch (ed) Wetlands of the World: Biogeochemistry, Ecological Engineering, Modelling and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D.F., D. Dykyjova, and S. Hejny (eds). 1992. Wetlands of the World. Vol. 1. Africa, Australia, Canada and Greenland, Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean, Mexico, New Guinea, United States. Handbook of Vegetation Sciences. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 768 pp.

Whigham, D.F., R.E. Good, and J. Kvet (eds). 1990. Wetland ecology and management: Case studies. Tasks for Vegetation Science. Kluwer Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 175 pp.

Wetland Ecology- restoration

Bobbink, R.,B. Beltman, J.T.A. Verhoeven, and D.F. Whigham (eds). 2006. Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity, Conservation, and Restoration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Barendregt, A., D.F. Whigham, P. Meire, A.H. Baldwin, and S. Van Damme. 2006. Wetlands in the tidal freshwater zone. Pp. 117-148. In: R. Bobbink,B. Beltman, J.T.A. Verhoeven, and D.F. Whigham (eds). Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity, Conservation, and Restoration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Bobbink, R., D.F. Whigham, B. Beltman, and J.T.A. Verhoeven. 2006. Wetland functioning in relation to biodiversity, conservation, and restoration. Pp 1-12. In: Bobbink, R.,B. Beltman, J.T.A. Verhoeven, and D.F. Whigham (eds). 2006. Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity, Conservation, and Restoration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Jordan, T., D.F. Whigham, K. Hofmockel, and M. Pittek. 2003. Nutrient and sediment removal by a restored wetland receiving agricultural runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 1534-1547.

Whigham, D.F. and T.E. Jordan. 2003. Isolated wetlands and water quality. Wetlands 23: 541-549.

Whigham, D.F., M.A. Pittek, K.H. Hofmockel, T. Jordan, and A.L. Pepin. 2002. Biomass and nutrient dynamics in restored wetlands on the outer Coastal Plain of Maryland. Wetlands 22: 562-574.

Jordan, T.E., D.F. Whigham, K.H. Hofmockel, and N. Gerber. 1999. Restored wetlands in crop fields control nutrient runoff. Pp. 49-60. In: J. Vymazal, (ed). Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D.F. 1999. Ecological consequences of wetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment. Science of the Total Environment 240: 31-40.

Landscape Ecology

King, R.S., M.E. Baker, D.F. Whigham, D.E. Weller, T.E. Jordan, M.K. Hurd, and P.F. Kazyak. In press. Land-use thresholds and stream assemblages:influence of physiography, watershed size and spatial arrangement. Journal North American Benthological Society.

King, R.S., M.E. Baker, D.F. Whigham, D.E. Weller, T.E. Jordan, M.K. Hurd, and P.F. Kazyak. 2005. Spatial considerations for linking watershed land cover to ecological indicators in streams. Ecological Applications 15: 137-153.

King, R.S., A.H. Hines, F.D. Craige and S. Grap. 2005. Regional, watershed, and local correlates of blue crab and bivalve abundances in subestuaries of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 319:101-116.

King, R.S., J.R. Beaman, D.F. Whigham. 2004. Watershed land use is strongly linked to PCBs in white perch in Chesapeake Bay subestuaries. Environmental Science and Technology 38: 6546-6552.

King, R.S. and C.J. Richardson. 2003. Integrating bioassessment and ecological risk assessment: an approach to developing numerical water quality criteria. Environmental Management 31: 795-809.

Verhoeven, J.T.A., M.J. Wassen, D.F. Whigham, H. Middelkoop, G. van der Lee (guest editors). 2003. The Integration of Scales in Landscape Ecology. Landschap 2. 129 pp.

Whigham, D.F. 2003. Flexibility in landscape ecology. Landschap 2: 79.

Whigham, D.F., D.E. Weller, and T.E. Jordan. 1999. Nanticoke Wetland Assessment Study. EPA/600/R-98/175. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.

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