CURRICULUM VITAE

Dennis Francis Whigham

Plant Ecologist
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
P. O. Box 28
Edgewater, Maryland 21037-0028

Professor of Landscape Ecology
Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of Utrecht
P.O. Box 800.84
NL-3508 TB Utrecht
The Netherlands

Born: Mt. Pleasant, Pennsylvania, 1 August 1944

Marital Status:
Married to Janice Leatherby Whigham. Two children: Melisa Jane and Michael Cross

Education:
B.A., Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, 1966
Ph.D., The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1971

Employment:
Teaching Assistantship, UNC, 1966-68, 1970-71
Assistant Professor, Rider College, 1971-76
Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 1973
Associate Professor, Rider College (tenured), 1976-77
Visiting Assistant Professor, Westminster College, 1974
Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Florida, 1979-81
Research Ecologist, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 1977-present
Acting Associate Director for Science, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 1981-82
Visiting Scientist, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1987-88
Bullard Fellow, Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, 1998

Professional Societies, Activities and Awards:
American Institute of Biological Sciences
Ecological Society of America
Torrey Botanical Club
Association of Southeastern Biologists
Botanical Society of America
International Association of Ecology
Society of Wetlands Scientists

Board of Editors, Ecological Society of America (1981-1985)
Board of Editors, Plant Species Biology (current)
Board of Editors, Wetland Ecology and Management (current)
Board of Editors, International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (current)

INTECOL steering committee of International Wetlands Working Group
Council of American Institute of Biological Sciences
Steering Committee, International Wetlands Working Group, National Resources Defense Council
Scientific Advisory Committee, Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary
Vegetation Section (Ecological Society of America): Vice-Chair 1989-1990, Chair 1990-1991.
Steering committee for Wetlands of the Chesapeake Conference
Steering committee for Atlantic White Cedar Symposium
Chairman, Committee to evaluate use of wetlands in L-Lake, Savannah River Plant, U. S. Department of Energy
Site Review Panel, National Science Foundation, University of South Carolina
Member of the US-Indo Sub-Commission on Science and Technology, US Department of State
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Panel for review of national freshwater wetlands program
Program for Belize Scientific Advisory Committee
Board of Directors, Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage
Steering Committee, Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
International Steering Committee, International Conference on Land-Water Interactions, New Delhi, India
Belt Woods Advisory Committee, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Forestry Division
USDA Water Quality Panel, Washington, DC, June, 1991
Program Chair, Ecological Society of America. Responsible for 1993 and 1994 meetings at University of Wisconsin and University of Tennessee
Future Meetings Committee, Ecological Society of America, 1995-1999
Co-chair, Local Organizing Committee, Ecological Society of America 1998 meeting in Baltimore, MD
Riverine Wetlands Functional Assessment Working Group, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Forests for the Future Interagency Working Group (Central America Cluster Group), U.S. Agency for International Development
Research Policy Committee and Provosts Council, Smithsonian Institution (1994-1996)
Board of Directors, Wintergreen Nature Foundation, Wintergreen VA (1991 - present)
Scientific Review Panel. Everglades Nutrient Threshold Workshop. South Florida Water Management District, 1995-1996.
Scientific Peer Review Panel, State of Florida, Advise on nutrient threshold research by conducting workshops, visits to field research sites, and review of reports and publications. 1996-1997
Organizing Committee for The First Science and Humanities Dialogue (What About Increase), Smithsonian Institution, March 12-14, 1995, Washington, DC.
Bullard Fellowship. Harvard Forest. Harvard University. January-July, 1998
Jug Bay Award for outstanding contributions to the Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary, Presented by the Friends of Jug Bay, March, 1997
Science Advisor, Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage, Easton, MD, 1998- present
Board of Directors, Maryland/DC Chapter of The Nature Conservancy. 1998 - present
Vice-Chair for Science, Maryland/DC Chapter of the Nature Conservancy. 2000 - present
Planning Committee, Smithsonian Institution and American Institute of Biological Sciences, Year 2000 meeting entitled: Biology: A Century of Achievements/A Future of Challenges (1999 - 2000)
Member, Patuxent River Oil Spill Citizens Advisory Committee. Appointed by Governor of Maryland. 2000-2002
Member, External Review Panel. Louisiana Coast-Wide Reference Monitoring System. 2001

Reviewed articles and proposals
(I typically review 20 or more articles and proposals per year) for:
American Journal of Botany, American Naturalist, American Midlands Naturalist, Ecology, Estuaries, Bioscience, Canadian Journal of Botany, Journal Environmental Quality, Wetlands, Wetlands Ecology and Management, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Club, Bartonia, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica, Plant Species Biology, National Science Foundation, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sea Grant proposals (California, Maryland, Delaware, Louisiana, Michigan, North Carolina), Environmental Management, The Nature Conservancy, The Center for Field Research, U. S. Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Journal of Wildlife Management, Journal of Vegetation Science, Vegetatio, Journal of Tropical Biology, National Research Council, South Florida Water Management District, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, Plant Ecology, Journal of Ecology, Lindyana.

Dissertation: An ecological study of Uvularia perfoliata in the Blackwood Division of the Duke Forest, North Carolina. 183 pp. 1971.

Publications:
Whigham, D. F. 1969. Vegetation patterns on the north slope of Bluff Mountain Ashe County, North Carolina. Journal Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 85: 1-15.

Whigham, D. F. and H. Lieth. 1971. North Carolina productivity profile - 1971. Deciduous Forest Biome memo report #71-10. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 142pp.

Whigham, D. F. and H. Lieth. 1971. Contribution from the Triangle Site - Deciduous Forest Biome: Vegetation analysis and microclimatic studies. Deciduous Forest Biome memo report #71-10. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 70pp.

Wells, C., D. F. Whigham, and H. Lieth. 1972. Investigations of mineral cycling in an upland Piedmont forest. Journal Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 88: 66-78.

Whigham, D. F. 1974. An ecological life history study of Uvularia perfoliata. American Midlands Naturalist 91: 343-359.

Whigham, D. F. 1974. Preliminary ecological studies of a freshwater tidal marsh along the Delaware River. Biology Department, Rider College, Lawrenceville, NJ. 66pp. 

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1975. Ecological studies of the Hamilton Marshes. Progress Report for the period June 1974 - January 1975. Biology Department, Rider College, Lawrenceville, NJ. 185pp.

West, D. and D. F. Whigham. 1976. Seed germination of arrow arum (Peltandra virginica). Bartonia 44: 44-49.

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1976. The potential use of tidal marshes in the management of water quality in the Delaware River. pp. 173-186. In: J. Tourbier and R. R. Pierson, Jr. (eds). Biological Control of Water Pollution. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA.

Sharp, D., H. Lieth, and D. F. Whigham. 1976. Assessment of regional productivity in North Carolina. pp. 132-146. In: H. Lieth and R. H. Whittaker (eds). Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. Springer-Verlag, NY.

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1976. Sewage spray irrigation in a Delaware River freshwater tidal marsh. pp. 119-144. In: D. Tilton, J. Kadlec, and C. J. Richardson (eds). Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent Disposal. School of Natural Resources. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1977. Growth, mortality, and biomass partitioning in freshwater tidal wetland populations of wild rice (Zizania aquatica var aquatica). Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 104: 347-351.

Whigham, D. F., R. L. Simpson, and K. Lee. 1977. The effect of sewage effluent on the structure and function of a freshwater tidal marsh ecosystem. pp. 59-62. In: Annual report fiscal year 1977. New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute. Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ. 

Whigham, D. F., J. McCormick, R. E. Good, and R. L. Simpson. 1978. Biomass and primary production of freshwater tidal wetlands. pp. 3-20. In: R. E. Good, D. F. Whigham, and R. L. Simpson (eds). Freshwater Wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential. Academic Press. NY. 

Simpson, R. L., D. F. Whigham, and R. Walker. 1978. Nutrient movement in freshwater tidal wetlands with special reference to Delaware River wetlands. pp. 243-258. In: R. E. Good, D. F. Whigham, and R. L. Simpson (eds). Freshwater Wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential. Academic Press. NY. 

Good, R. E., D. F. Whigham, and R. L. Simpson, editors. 1978. Freshwater wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential. Academic Press. NY. 378pp.

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1978. Nitrogen and phosphorus movement in a freshwater tidal wetland receiving sewage effluent. pp. 2189-2203. In: Coastal Zone 78: Symposium on Technical, Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Regulatory Aspects of Coastal Zone Management. American Society of Civil Engineering. San Francisco, CA. 

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1978. The relationship between aboveground and belowground biomass of freshwater tidal wetland macrophytes. Aquatic Botany 5: 355-364.

Simpson, R. L. and D. F. Whigham. 1978. The effect of sewage effluent on the structure and function of a freshwater tidal marsh ecosystem. pp. 49-55. In: Annual report fiscal year 1978. New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute. Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ.

Simpson, R. L., D. F. Whigham, and K. Brannigan. 1979. The mid-summer insect communities of freshwater tidal wetland macrophytes. Bulletin New Jersey Academy of Sciences 24: 22-27.

Whigham, D. F. and S. E. Bayley. 1979. Nutrient dynamics in freshwater wetlands. pp. 468-478. In: P. E. Greeson, J. R. Clark, and J. E. Clark (eds). Wetland Functions and Values: The State of Our Understanding. American Water Resources Association. Minneapolis, MN.

Whigham, D. F., R. L. Simpson, and M. A. Leck. 1979. The distribution of seeds, seedlings, and established plants of Peltandra virginica in a freshwater tidal wetland. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 106: 193-199.

Whigham, D. F. and M. McWethy. 1980. Studies of the pollination ecology of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 67: 550-555.

Whigham, D. F., R. L. Simpson, and K. Lee. 1980. The effect of sewage effluent on the structure and function of a freshwater tidal marsh ecosystem. Water Resources Research Institute. Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ. 160pp.

Whigham, D. F. 1981. An outside perspective on the Pocosin Conference and suggestions for further work. pp. 345-356. In: C. J. Richardson (ed). Pocosin Wetlands. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. Stroudsburg, PA.

Lynch, J. and D. F. Whigham. 1982. Configuration of forest patches necessary to maintain bird and plant communities. Report PPRP-59. Maryland Power Plant Siting Program. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Annapolis, MD 88pp.

Whigham, D. F. 1982. Using freshwater wetlands for wastewater management in North America. pp. 506-514. In: B. Gopal, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham (eds). Wetlands: Ecology and Management. International Scientific Publications. Jaipur, India.

Whigham, D. F., J. O'Neill, and M. McWethy. 1982. Ecological implications of manipulating coastal wetlands for purposes of mosquito control. pp. 459-476. In: B. Gopal, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham (eds). Wetlands: Ecology and Management. International Scientific Publications. Jaipur, India.

Gopal, B., R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham, editors. 1982. Wetlands: Ecology and Management. International Scientific Publications. Jaipur, India. 514 pp.

Gopal, B., R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham. 1982. Introduction. pp. xi-xvi. In: B. Gopal, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham (eds). Wetlands: Ecology and Management. International Scientific Publications. Jaipur, India. 

Gopal, B., R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham. 1982. Wetlands: Ecology and Management. Part II. Vol. 7 (1-3). International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. International Scientific Publications. Jaipur, India. 220 pp.

Whigham, D. F., J. O'Neill, and M. McWethy. 1982. The effect of three marsh management techniques on the ecology of irregularly flooded Chesapeake Bay wetlands. Vegetation and water quality studies. Coastal Zone Unit. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Annapolis, MD. 96pp.

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1982. Germination and dormancy studies of Pontederia cordata. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 108: 255-259.

Simpson, R. L., R. E. Good, M. A. Leck, and D. F. Whigham. 1983. The ecology of freshwater tidal wetlands. Bioscience 33: 255-259.

Whigham, D. F. 1984. The influence of vines on the growth of Liquidambar styraciflua. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14: 37-39.

Whigham, D. F. 1984. Biomass and nutrient allocation patterns in Tipularia discolor. OIKOS 42: 303-313.

Jordan, T. E., D. L. Correll, and D. F. Whigham. 1984. Nutrient flux in the Rhode River: Tidal exchange of nutrients by brackish marshes. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 17: 651-667.

Lynch, J. and D. F. Whigham. 1984. Effects of forest fragmentation on breeding bird communities in Maryland. Biological Conservation 28: 287-324.

Whigham, D. F. 1984. The effect of competition and nutrient availability on the growth and reproduction of Ipomoea hederacea (Ivy-leaf morningglory) in an abandoned old-field. Journal of Ecology 72: 721-730.

Whigham, D. F. 1985. Vegetation in wetlands receiving sewage effluent: The importance of the seed bank. pp. 231-242. In: P. J. Godfrey, E. R. Kaynor, S. Pelczarski, and J. Benforado (eds). Proceedings of the Conference on Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. Van Nostrand. NY.

Whigham, D. F., C. Chitterling, B. Palmer, and J. O'Neill. 1986. Modification of runoff from upland watersheds - The influence of a diverse riparian ecosystem. pp. 305-332. In: D. L. Correll (ed). Watershed Research Perspectives. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC. 

Drake, B., W. Arp, P. S. Curtis, P. W. Leadley, J. Sager, and D. Whigham. 1986. Effects of elevated CO2 on Chesapeake Bay wetlands. I. Description of the study site. Report 034. U. S. Department of 
Energy. Washington, DC. 32pp.

Drake, B., W. Arp, J. Craig, P. S. Curtis, P. W. Leadley, and D. F. Whigham. 1987. Effects of elevated CO2 on Chesapeake Bay wetlands. II. Gas exchange and microenvironment in open top chambers. Report 038. U. S. Department of Energy. Washington, DC. 97pp.

Hull, J. C. and D. F. Whigham. 1987. Vegetation patterns in 6 bogs and adjacent forested wetlands in the Inner Coastal Plain of Maryland. pp. 143-173. In: A. D. Laderman (ed). Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands. Westview Press. Boulder, CO. 

Whigham, D. F. 1987. Water quality studies of six bogs on the Inner Coastal Plain of Maryland. pp. 85-90. In: A. D. Laderman (ed). Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands. Westview Press. Boulder, CO. 
Whigham, D. F. 1987. Ecosystem processes and biogeographical considerations. pp. 371-374. In: A. D. Laderman (ed). Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands. Westview Press. Boulder, CO.

Whigham, D. F. and C. J. Richardson. 1988. Soil and plant chemistry of an Atlantic White Cedar wetland on the Inner Coastal Plain of Maryland. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 568-576.

Jordan, T. E. and D. F. Whigham. 1988. The importance of standing dead shoots of the narrow leaved cattail - Typha angustifolia. Aquatic Botany 29: 310-319.

Weiner, J. and D. F. Whigham. 1988. Size variability and self-thinning in wild rice (Zizania aquatica). American Journal of Botany 75: 445-448.

Leck, M. A., R. L. Simpson, D. F. Whigham, and C. F. Leck. 1988. Plants of the Hamilton Marshes: A Delaware River freshwater tidal wetland. Bartonia 54: 1-17.

Whigham, D. F., B. Palmer, and C. Chitterling. 1988. The impacts of freshwater wetlands on water quality: A landscape perspective. Environmental Management 12: 663-671.

Whigham, D. F. and J. O'Neill. 1988. The importance of predation and small scale disturbance to two woodland herb species. pp. 243-252. In: M. J. A. Werger, P. J. M. van der Aart, H. J. During and J. T. A. Verhoeven. Plant Form and Vegetation Structure: Adaptation, Plasticity and Relation to Herbivory. SPB Academic Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands.

Curtis, P. S., B. G. Drake, P. W. Leadley, W. Arp, and D. Whigham. 1989. Growth and senescence of plant communities exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations on an estuarine marsh. Oecologia 78: 20-26.

Curtis, P. S., B. G. Drake, and D. F. Whigham. 1989. Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in C3 and C4 estuarine marsh plants grown under elevated CO2 in situ. Oecologia 78: 297-301.

Whigham, D. F., R. L. Simpson, R. E. Good, and F. Sickels. 1989. Decomposition and nutrient-metal dynamics of litter in freshwater tidal wetlands. pp. 167-187. In: R. R. Sharitz and J. W. Gibbons (eds.). Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife. U. S. Department of Energy Symposium Series No. 61. USDOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Snow, A. A. and D. F. Whigham. 1989. Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Ecology 70: 1286-1293.

Jordan, T. E., D. F. Whigham, and D. L. Correll. 1989. The role of litter in nutrient cycling in a brackish marsh. Ecology 70: 1906-1915. 

Whigham, D. F,. T. E. Jordan, and J. Miklas. 1989. Biomass and resource allocation of Typha angustifolia: The effects of within and between year variations in salinity. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 116: 364-370.

Jordan, T. E., D. F. Whigham, and D. L. Correll. 1990. Effects of nutrient and litter manipulations on production, nutrient status, and herbivory of Typha angustifolia in a brackish marsh. Aquatic Botany 36: 179-191.

Whigham, D. F. and S. Nusser. 1990. The response of Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens to nitrogen fertilization in hydrologically altered wetlands. pp. 31-38. In: D. F. Whigham, R. E. Good, and J. Kvet (eds.). Wetland Ecology and Management: Case studies. Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Holland, M. J., D. F. Whigham, and B. Gopal. 1990. The characteristics of wetland ecotones. pp. 171-198. In: R. J. Naiman and H. Decamps (eds). The Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrrestrial Ecotones. Vol. 4. Man and the Biosphere Series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. Canforth, UK.

Whigham, D. F., R. E. Good, and J. Kvet (eds). 1990. Wetland ecology and management: Case studies. Tasks for Vegetation Science. Kluwer Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 175 pp.

Curtis, P. S., L. M. Balduman, B. G. Drake, and D. F. Whigham. 1990. The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on belowground processes in C3 and C4 estuarine marsh communities. Ecology 71: 2001-2007. 

Whigham, D. F. 1990. The effects of experimental defoliation on the growth and reproduction of a woodland orchid - Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 1812-1816.

Whigham, D. F. and M. M. Brinson. 1990. Wetland value impacts. pp. 401-421. In: B. C. Patten (ed). Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies, Volume 1. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D. F., P. Zugasty Towle, E. F. Cabrera, J. O'Neill, and E. Ley. 1990. The effect of variation in precipitation on basal area growth and litter production in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Tropical Ecology 31: 23-34.

de Kroon, H., D. F. Whigham, and M. A. Watson. 1991. Effects of rhizome severing, fertilization and timing of shoot senescence on clonal growth of mayapple. Functional Ecology 5: 360-369.

Whigham, D. F. and E. Cabrera Cano. 1991. Survival and growth beneath and near parents: The case of Myrcianthes fragrans (Myrtaceae). pp. 61-76. In: G. Esser and D. Overdieck (eds). Modern Ecology: Basic and Applied Aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D. F. and J. O'Neill. 1991. The dynamics of flowering and fruit production in two eastern North American terrestrial orchids, Tipularia discolor and Liparis lilifolia. pp. 89-101. In: T. C. E. Wells and J. H. Willems (eds). Population Ecology of Terrestrial Orchids. SPB Academic Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D. F., I. Olmsted, E. Cabrera Cano, and M. Harmon. 1991. The impact of Hurricane Gilbert on trees, litterfall, and woody debris in a dry tropical forest in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Biotropica 23: 434-441.

Spira, T. P., A. Snow, D. F. Whigham, and J. Leak. 1992. Flower visitation, pollen deposition, and pollen competition in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae). American Journal of Botany 79: 428-433.

Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson. 1992. Annual variation in biomass and production of a tidal freshwater wetland and comparison with other wetland systems. Virginia Journal of Science 43: 5-14.

Zimmerman, J. K. and D. F. Whigham. 1992. Ecological functions of carbohydrates stored in corms of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Functional Ecology 6: 575-581.

Whigham, D. F., D. Dykyjova, and S. Hejny (eds). 1992. Wetlands of the World. Vol. 1. Africa, Australia, Canada and Greenland, Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean, Mexico, New Guinea, United States. Handbook of Vegetation Sciences. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 768pp.

Takasu, H., S. Kawano, H. Kato, T. Sato, F. H. Utech, and D. F. Whigham. 1992. Life history characteristics of Uvularia species. pp. 224-238. In: S. Kawano (ed). Comparative Floristic and Ecological Studies on the Temperate Elements in North America. Report of the 1989-1991 North America Project. Monbusho International Scientific Research Program. Kyoto, Japan.

Arp, W. J., B. G. Drake, W. T. Pockman, P. S. Curtis, and D. F. Whigham. 1993. Interactions between C3 and C4 salt marsh plant species during four years of exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2. Vegetatio 104/105: 133-143.

Dillenburg, L. R., D. F. Whigham, A. H. Teramura, and I. N. Forseth. 1993. Effects of below- and aboveground competition from the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia on the growth of the tree host Liquidambar styraciflua. Oecologia 93: 48-54.

Dillenburg, L. R., D. F. Whigham, A. H. Teramura, and I. N. Forseth. 1993. Changes in resource availability to the tree host Liquidambar styraciflua due to below- and aboveground competition with the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. American Journal of Botany 80: 244-252.

Rasmussen, H. and D. F. Whigham. 1993. Seed ecology of dust seeds in situ: A new study technique and its application in terrestrial ecology. American Journal of Botany 80: 1374-1378.

Cipollini, M. L., B. G. Drake, and D. F. Whigham. 1993. Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and carbon/nutrient balance in the deciduous woody shrub Lindera benzoin (L.)Blume (Lauraceae). Oecologia 96: 339-346.

Whigham, D. F., J. O'Neill, and M. Cipollini. 1993. The role of tree gaps in maintaining the population structure of a woodland herb: Cynoglossum virginianum L. Plant Species Biology 8: 107-115.

Cipollini, M. L., D. F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. 1993. Population growth, structure, and seed dispersal in the understory herb Cynoglossum virginianum: a population and patch dynamics model. Plant Species Biology 8: 117-129

Cipollini, M. L. and D. F. Whigham. 1994. Sexual dimorphism and cost of reproduction in the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae). American Journal of Botany 81: 65-75.

Verhoeven, J. T. A., D. F. Whigham, M. van Kerkhoven, and J. O'Neill. 1994. A comparative study of nutrient-related processes in geographically separated wetlands: Towards a science base for functional assessment procedures. pp. 91-106. In: W. J. Mitsch (ed). Wetlands of the World: Biogeochemistry, Ecological Engineering, Modelling and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

Brinson, M. M., W. Kruczynski, L. C. Lee, W. L. Nutter, R. D. Smith, and D. F. Whigham. 1994. Developing an approach for assessing the functions of wetlands. pp. 615-624. In: W. J. Mitsch (ed). Wetlands of the World: Biogeochemistry, Ecological Engineering, Modelling and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

Cipollini, M. L., D. Wallace-Senft, and D. F. Whigham. 1994. Forest canopy structure and seed dispersal in the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae): a model of population and forest dynamics. Journal of Ecology 82: 621-633.

Dillenburg, L. R., A. H. Teramura, I. N. Forseth, and D. F. Whigham. 1995. Physiological and morphological basis of growth responses of Liquidambar styraciflua to competition with the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. American Journal of Botany 82: 454-461.

Whigham, D. F. 1995. The role of wetlands, ponds, and shallow lakes in improving water quality. pp. 163-172. In: K. Steele (ed). Animal Waste and the Land-Water Interface. Lewis Publishers, New York, NY.

Harmon, M. E., D. F. Whigham, J. Sexton, and I. Olmsted. 1995. Decomposition and stores of woody detritus in the dry tropical forests of the Northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Biotropica 27: 305-316.

Lynch, J. F. and D. F. Whigham. 1995. The role of habitat disturbance in the ecology of overwintering migratory birds in the Yucatan Peninsula. pp. 199-214. In: S. Sader , M. Wilson, and A. Estrada, (eds). Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico. Maine Agricultural and forest Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 727. Orono, ME.

Brinson, M.M., F.R. Hauer, L.C. Lee, W.L. Nutter, R.D. Rheinhardt, R.D. Smith, D.F. Whigham. 1995. A Guidebook for Application of Hydrogeomorphic Assessments to Riverine Wetlands. Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-DE-11. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Whigham, D.F. 1997. Ecosystem functions and ecosystem values. pp. 225-240. In: N.L. Christensen Jr. and R.D. Simpson (eds). Ecosystem Function and Human Activities: Reconciling Economics and Ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.

Kudoh, H. and D. F. Whigham. 1997. Genetic structure and gene flow in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) populations. American Journal of Botany 84: 1280-1285.

Wijesinghe, D.K. and D.F. Whigham. 1997. Costs of producing clonal offspring and the effects of plant size on population dynamics in the woodland herb Uvularia perfoliata . Journal of Ecology 85: 907-920.

Whigham, D. F., J.F. Lynch, and M.B. Dickinson. 1998. Dynamics and ecology of natural and managed forests in Quintana Roo, Mexico. pp. 267-282. In: R. B. Primack, D. Bray, H.A. Galletti, and I. Ponciano (eds). Timber, Tourists and Temples: Conservation and Development in the Maya Forest of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. Island Press.

Rasmussen, H.N. and D.F. Whigham. 1998. The underground phase: A special challenge in studies of terrestrial orchid populations. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 49-64.

Rassmussen, H. N. and D. F. Whigham. 1998. Importance of woody debris in seed germination of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 85: 829-834.

Brinson, M. M., R. D. Smith, D. F. Whigham, L. C. Lee, R. D. Rheinhardt, and W. L. Nutter. 1998. Progress in development of the hydrogeomorphic approach for assessing the functioning of wetlands.  pp. 383-406. In A. J. McComb and J. A. Davis (eds.).  Wetlands for the Future.  Gleneagles Publishing, Adelaide, Australia.

Whigham, D. F. and J. F. Lynch. 1998.  Responses of plants and birds to hurricane disturbance in a dry tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico.  pp. 165-186.  In:  F. Dallmeier and J.A. Comiskey (eds). Forest Biodiversity in North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean.  Research and Monitoring.  Man and The Biosphere Series, Vol. 21, The Parthenon Publishing Group, New York.

Kudoh, H. and D. F. Whigham. 1998.  The effect of petal-size manipulation on pollinator/seed predator mediated female reproductive success of Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) populations.  Oecologia 117: 70-79.

Kayashi, K. S. Yoshida, H. Kato, F.H. Utech, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano.  1998.  Molecular systematics of the Genus Uvularia and selected Liliales based upon matK and rbcL gene sequence data.  Plant Species Biology 13: 129-146.

Kitamura, K., J. O’Neill, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano.  1998.  Demographic genetic analyses of the American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)Ehrh..  Genetic variations of seed populations in Maryland.  Plant Species Biology 13: 147-154.

Kudoh, H., H. Shibaike, H. Takasu, D. F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 1999.  Genet structure and maintenance of clonal diversity in a temperate deciduous forest herb, Uvularia perfoliata.  Journal of Ecology 84: 244-257.

Jordan, T.E., D.F. Whigham, K. Hofmockel, and N. Gerber.  1999.  Restored wetlands in crop fields control nutrient runoff.   pp. 49-60. In: J. Vymazal (ed).  Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D.F. and A.S. Chapa.  1999.  Timing and intensity of herbivory: Its influence on the performance of clonal woodland herbs.  Plant Species Biology 14: 29-38.

Whigham, D.F., M.B. Dickinson, and N.V.T. Brokaw.  1999.  Tropical forest treefalls and windstorms.  Pp. 223-252.  In:  L. Walker (ed).  Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground.  Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Aerts, R., J. T. A. Verhoeven, and D. F. Whgham.  1999.  Plant-mediated controls on nutrient cycling in temperate fens and bogs.  Ecology 80: 2170-2181.

Feller, I. C., D. F. Whigham, J. O’Neill, and K. L. McKee.  1999.  Within-stand nutrient cycling in tropical forested wetlands.  Ecology 80: 2193-2205.

Whigham, D.F., R.R. Twilley, and I.C. Feller.  1999.  Within-stand nutrient cycling in wetland ecosystems.  Ecology 80: 2137-2138.

Whigham, D.F., L.C. Lee, M.M. Brinson, R.D. Rheinhardt, M.C. Rains, J.M. Mason, H.Khan, M. 
Burke, and W.B. Nutter.  1999.  Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment - A test of user consistency.  Wetlands 19: 560-569.

Dickinson, M.B. and D.F. Whigham.  1999.  Low rates of natural regeneration of Mahogany in felling gaps after selective logging in Quintana Roo, Mexico.  International Forestry Review 1: 35-39. 

Whigham, D.F. and A.S. Chapa.  1999.  Timing and intensity of herbivory: Its influence on the performance of clonal woodland herbs.  Plant Species Biology 14: 29-38.

Whigham, D.F.  1999.  Ecological consequences of wetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment.  Science of the Total Environment 240: 31-40.

Kudoh, H., H. Shibaike, H. Takasu, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano.  1999.  Genet structure and maintenance of clonal diversity in a temperate deciduous forest herb, Uvularia perfoliata.  Journal of Ecology 84:244-257.

Jordan, T.E., D.F. Whigham, K. Hofmockel, and N. Gerber.  1999.  Restored wetlands in crop fields control nutrient runoff.  pp. 49-60.  In: J. Vymazal, (ed). Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Whigham, D.F., L.C. Lee, M.M. Brinson, R.D. Rheinhardt, M.C. Rains, J.M. Mason, H. Khan, M.B. Ruhlman, and W.B. Nutter.  1999.  Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment - A test of user consistency.  Wetlands 19:560-569.

Dickinson, M.B. and D.F. Whigham.  1999.  Low rates of natural regeneration of Mahogany in felling gaps after selective logging in Quintana Roo, Mexico.  International Forestry Review 1:35-39.

Whigham, D.F. and A.S. Chapa.  1999.  Timing and intensity of herbivory:  Its influence on the performance of clonal woodland herbs.  Plant Species Biology 14:29-38.

Whigham, D.F. 1999.  Ecological consequences of wetland preservation, restoration, creation, and assessment.  Science of the Total Environment 240:31-40.

Rheinhardt, R., D.F. Whigham, H. Khan, and M. Brinson.  2000.  Floodplain vegetation of headwater streams in the Inner Coastal Plain of Virginia and Maryland.  Castanea 65:21-35.

Dickinson, M.B., D.F. Whigham, and S.M. Hermann.  2000.  Tree regeneration in felling and natural treefall disturbances in a semideciduous tropical forest in Mexico.  Forest Ecology and Management 134: 137-151.

Kudoh, H.  and D.F. Whigham.  2001.  A genetic analysis of hydrologically dispersed seeds of Hibiscus moscheutus (L.).  American Journal of Botany 88:588-593.

Verhoeven, J.T.A., R. van Logtestijn, D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill.  2001.  Some basic characteristics of the nutrient dynamics of riverine wetlands.  Wetlands 21:210-222.

Wijesinghe, D.K. and D.F. Whigham.  2001.  Nutrient foraging in woodland herbs: a comparison of three species of Uvularia (Liliaceae) with contrasting below-ground morphologies.  American Journal of Botany 88: 1071-1079.

Dickinson, M.B., S.M. Hermann and D.F. Whigham.  2001.  Low rates of background canopy-gap disturbance in a seasonally-dry forest in the Yucatan Peninsula with a history of fires and hurricanes.  Jornal of Tropical Ecology 17:895-902.

Kitamura, K. Homma, H. Takasu, S. Hagiwara, F.H. Utech, D.F Whigham, and Shoichi Kawano.  2001.  Demographic genetics of the American beech, Fagus grandifolia.  II. Genet substructure of populations for the Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and the Great Smoky Mountains.  Plant Species Biology 16:219-230.

Rasmussen, H.N. and D.F. Whigham.  2002.  Phenology of roots and mycorrhiza in five orchid species differing in phototrophic strategy,  New Phytologist 154:797-807.

Whigham, and J.P. O'Neill. 2002. Nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation across an ecotonal gradient in a mangrove forest. Biogeochemistry 62: 145-175.

Whigham, D.F., M.A. Pittek, K.H. Hofmockel, T. Jordan, and A.L. Pepin. 2002. Biomass and nutrient dynamics in restored wetlands on the outer Coastal Plain of Maryland. Wetlands 22: 562-574.

Feller, I.C., H. Kudoh, C.E. Tanner, D.F. Whigham. 2002. Sex-biased herbivory in Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) by a specialist Thrips (Heterothrips arisaemae). Pp. 163-172. Proceedings 7th International Thysanoptera Conference. Reggio Callabrio, Italy.

Feller, I.C., K.L. McKee, D.F. Whigham, and J.P. O'Neill. 2002. Nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation across an ecotonal gradient in a mangrove forest. Biogeochemistry 62: 145-175.

Whigham, D.F., M.A. Pittek, K.H. Hofmockel, T. Jordan, and A.L. Pepin. 2002. Biomass and nutrient dynamics in restored wetlands on the outer Coastal Plain of Maryland. Wetlands 22: 562-574.

Whigham, D.F., J. O'Neill, M. McCormick, C. Smith, H.R. Rasmussen, B. Caldwell, and T. Daniell. 2002. Interactions between decomposing wood, mycorrhizas, and terrestrial orchid seeds and protocorms. Pp 117-132. In: P. Kindlmann, J.H. Willems, and D.F. Whigham (eds.). Underlying Mechanisms of Trends and Fluctuations in Terrestrial Orchid Populations. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Kindlmann, P., J.H. Willems, and D.F. Whigham (eds.). 2002. Underlying Mechanisms of Tends and Fluctuations in Terrestrial 0rchid Populations. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Feller, I.C., D.F. Whigham, K.L. McKee, and C.E. Lovelock. 2003. Nitrogen limitation of growth and nutrient dynamics in a disturbed mangrove forest, Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Oecologia 134: 405-414.

Whigham, D.F. and J.H. Willems. 2003. Demographic studies and life-history strategies of temperate terrestrial orchids as a basis for conservation. Pp. 137-158. In: K.W. Dixon, S.P Kell, R.L. Barrett and P.J. Cribb (eds.). Orchid Conservation. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabaluk Sabah.

Jordan, T., D.F. Whigham, K. Hofmockel, and M. Pittek. 2003. Nutrient and sediment removal by a restored wetland receiving agricultural runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 1534-1547.

Whigham, D.F. and T.E. Jordan. 2003. Isolated wetlands and water quality. Wetlands 23: 541-549.

Whigham, D.F., I. Olmsted, E. Cabrera Cano and A.B. Curtis. 2003. Impacts of hurricanes on the forests of Quintana Roo, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Pp. 193-213. In: A. Gómez-Pompa, M.E. Allen, S.L. Fedick and J.J. Jiménez-Osornio (eds.) The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. Food Products Press, Binghamton, NY

Kitamura, K., M. Tatsuyoshi, H. Kudoh, J. O'Neill, F.H. Utech, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 2003. Demographic genetics of the American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) III. Genetic substructuring of Coastal Plain populations in Maryland. Plant Species Biology 18: 13-34.

Whigham, D.F., D.E. Weller, A. Deller Jacobs, T.E. Jordan, and M.E. Kentula. 2003. Assessing the ecological condition of wetlands at the catchment scale. Landschap 2: 99-111.

Verhoeven, J/T.A., M.J. Wassen, D.F. Whigham, H. Middelkoop, and G. van der Lee (eds.) 2003. The integration of Scales in Landscape Ecology. Landschap 2. 129pp

Dickinson, M.B. and D.F. Whigham. In press. Effects of root competition on species of contrasting shade tolerance across a light gradient in a seasonally-dry forest in Mexico. Biotropica.

Whigham, D. F. In press. Global distribution, diversity, and human alterations of wetland resources. In: E. Maltby (ed.) Wetlands Handbook. Blackwell Science.

King, R. S., M. E. Baker, D. F. Whigham, D. E Weller, T. E. Jordan, M. K. Hurd, and P. F. Kazyak. In press. Spatial considerations for linking watershed land cover to ecological indicators in streams. Ecological Applications.

King, R. S., M. E. Baker, D. F. Whigham, D. E Weller, T. E. Jordan, M. K. Hurd, and P. F. Kazyak. In press. Land-use thresholds and stream macroinvertebrate assemblages: influence of physiography, watershed size, and spatial arrangement. Journal North American Benthological Society.

Hosaka, N., S.E. Gómez, N. Kachi, J.F. Stuefer, D.F. Whigham. In press. The ecological benefits of clonal growth in the understory tree Asimina triloba Northeastern Naturalist.

Whigham, D.F. In press. The ecology of woodland herbs. Annual Review Ecology and Systematics

Kitamura, K., H. Takasu, S. Hagiwara, K. Homma, J. O'Neill, D.F. Whigham, G.G. Parker and S. Kawano. In press. Demographic Genetics of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) IV. Development of Genetic Variability and Gene Flow during Succession in a Coastal Plain Forest in Maryland. Plant Species Biology.

Huber, H., D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. In press. Time of disturbance can change life history decisions in the clonal forest understory herb Uvularia perfoliata. Evolutionary Ecology.

McCormick, M.K., D.F. Whigham, and J. O'Neill. In press. Mycorrhizal diversity in photosynthetic terrestrial orchids. New Phytologist

Current and Grants Completed since 1990:
A field study of the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations upon ecosystem processes in Chesapeake Bay wetlands. U. S. Department of Energy (Consultant). 1985 - 1991.

The influence of rainfall, litter removal, and phosphorus addition on growth and nutrient cycling in a dry tropical forest. Smithsonian International Environmental Sciences Program (with J. Lynch). 1988 - 1993.

Regulation of fruit and seed production in Hibiscus moscheutos: external vs. internal control. Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Program (with Lisa Wagner). 1990-1992.

A comparative landscape study of nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in wetlands. NATO Collaborative Research Grants Programme (with Jos Verhoeven, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands). 1990-1995.

Regeneration and growth of seedlings and saplings in a tropical dry forest. Smithsonian Institution. Scholarly Studies Program. (With J. Lynch - Smithsonian Institution, Matthew Dickinson - Florida State University, Felipe Sanchez - Cancun, Mexico, and Edgar Cabrera - CIQRO, Chetumal, Mexico). 1992-1994.

Tree growth and regeneration in Quintana Roo (Mexico - implications for sustainable forestry and biodiversity. U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program (With J. Lynch, Smithsonian Institution, and Felipe Sanchez, Quintana Roo, Mexico).. 1992-1994.

Using constructed wetlands for control of agricultural runoff. Natural Resource Conservation Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (with Tom Jordan, Don Weller, and David Correll). 1994-98.

Reference Wetlands - Their use in wetland functional assessment. Funding provided by the National Resources Conservation Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (with Mark Brinson). 1995-1997.

Regeneration of Mahogany in Mexico and Belize - A plan for sustainable forestry. U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program (with J. Lynch and M. Dickinson). 1995-1997.

Characteristics of mangrove forests ecotones at Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port. Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port (with I. Feller, J. O?Neill, and K. L. McKee). 1997-1998.

Characteristics of mangrove forest ecotones at Twin Cays, Belize. Smithsonian Caribbean Corall Reefs Ecosystems program. (with I. Feller, K. L. McKee, and J. O?Neill). 1997-1998.

The importance of wood in the ecology of early life history stages of terrestrial orchids. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Studies Program (with H. Rasmussen and B. Caldwell). 1998-2000

Nanticoke Wetland Assessment Study. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (with T. Jordan and D. Weller). 1999 - 2003

Testing the Genetic Significance of Division of Labour: A Recently Identified Ecological Strategy in Clonal Plants. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through the Smithsonian Institution program on the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Grant to Marinus Werger (Utrecht University) in collaboration with Dennis Whigham. 1999-2003

Ecological and Socioeconomic Indicators for Integrated Assessment of Aquatic Ecosystems of the Atlantic Slope. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 28 collaborators from SERC, Penn State University, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, East Carolina University, FTN Associates, and Environmental Law Instiutue. 2001 - 2005

Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Orchid-Mycorrhizae - A Landscape and Phylogenetic Approach. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through the Smithsonian Institution program on the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Grant to Tom Bruns (University of California, Berkeley) in collaboration with Dennis Whigham. 2001-2004

Nitrogen mineralization and denitrification in Mangrove ecosystems. Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port (with J. Verhoeven, I. Feller, V. Samarkin, and C. Lovelock). 2001-2002.
Orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi at Cove Point (Calvert County, Maryland). Cove Point Natural Heritage Trust. Co-PI: Melissa McCormick (SERC). 2002-2004

Orchid-fungal interactions ? a system for testing hypotheses about the ecological role and distribution of mycorrhizal fungi in affecting plant distribution. National Science Foundation. $300,000. (Funded) Co-PIs: Melissa McCormick (SERC), Lee Taylor (University of Alaska), Timothy Filley (Purdue University). 2003-2006

The Ecology of Batis maritima in Mangrove Ecosystems with Varying Nutrient Limitations. Smithsonian Marine Sciences Network Fund. Co-PIs: Ilka Feller and Cathering Lovelock (SERC), Jos Verhoeven (University of Utrecht). 2003-2004

Orchid mycorrhizal fungi associated with nutrient-limited mangroves. Smithsonian Marine Sciences Network Research Opportunities Fund. Co-PI: Melissa McCormick (SERC). 2003-2004

Development of molecular techniques to evaluate mycorrhizal communities in forest ecosystems.. Frank Bertran Sherry Endowment. Smithsonian Institution. Co-PIs: Melissa McCormick (SERC), Lee Taylor (University of Alaska). 2004-2005.

Patterns of Nutrient Limitation in Mangrove Ecosystems Along the Indian River Lagoon. Smithsonian Marine Station. Co-PIs: Ilka Feller, Catherine Lovelock (SERC), Karen McKee (USFS). 2003-2004

Riverine tidal wetlands: Impacts of sealevel rise on biodiversity and nutrient cycling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Co-PIs: Pat Megonigal, Tom Jordan, Katia Engelhardt (UMCEES Appalachian laboratory), Phil Townsend (UMCEES Appalachian laboratory). Pending 2004-2007